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| Basics of writing references |
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| A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing. The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be be found by your reader. It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved. Here is the most common referencing sources: |
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| | Journal articles | Books | Book chapters | Websites | Conferences | Thesis | Reports | |
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| For more specific references visit AUT Library Website or use a free generator of APA sources (Scribbr) |
| | AUT Library Website | Scribbr | |
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| Journal articles (with or without DOI) |
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| Format: |
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is one. Title of the Journal, volume(issue if used), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx |
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| 1 author: |
Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of management, 15(2), 251-289. |
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| 2 authors: |
Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1442-1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924 |
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When more than one author, use "&" before the second author |
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| 3 authors: |
Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’ perceptions of lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project. Studies In Higher Education, 40(5), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881343 |
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When more than one author, use "&" before the third author |
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| 4-7 authors: |
Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’ perceptions of lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project. Studies In Higher Education, 40(5), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881343 |
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List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. |
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| More than 7 authors: |
Kasabov, N., Scott, N. M., Tu, E., Marks, S., Sengupta, N., Capecci, E., . . . Yang, J. (2016). Evolving spatio-temporal data machines based on the NeuCube neuromorphic framework: Design methodology and selected applications. Neural Networks, 78, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2015.09.011 |
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First 6 authors ... last author. and follow by date and other information. |
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| Books |
Top |
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| Fomat: |
Author, Initial. (Year). Book title. City of publication, Country/State: Publisher. |
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| 1 author: |
Gambles, I. (2009). Making the business case: Proposals that succeed for projects that work. Farnham, England: Ashgate. |
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| 2-7 authors: |
Gazda, G. M., Balzer, F. J., Childers, W. C., Nealy, A. U., Phelps, R. E., & Walters, R. P. (2005). Human relations development: A manual for educators (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Educational. |
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List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. |
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| More than 7 authors: |
Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N. ... Stanley, D. (2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia. |
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First 6 authors ... last author. and follow by date and other information. |
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| Corporate author: |
New Zealand Health Information Service. (2003). Report on maternity: Maternal and newborn information. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health. |
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List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. |
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| No author: |
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. |
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List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. |
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Edited book:
(no authors) |
Leonard W. R. & Crawford M. H. (Eds.). (2002). Human biology of pastoral populations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. |
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Editors and translators are required if no primary author can be determined. |
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| Book chapters |
Top |
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| Fomat: |
Chapter author surname, Initials.,& Chapter author surname, Initials. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle. In Initial. Book author surname & Initial. Surname (Eds.). Title of book (pp. page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. |
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| One author: |
Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. |
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Editors are necessary when citing a chapter from an edited book with individual authors for each chapter. |
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| Two authors: |
Van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (2011). Equivalence and bias: A review of concepts, models, and data
analytic procedures. In D. Matsumoto & F. Van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 17-45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
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| Websites |
Top |
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| Fomat: |
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxx |
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| Author, no date: |
Flesch, R. (n.d.). How to write plain English. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz/writing_guide/writing/flesch.shtml |
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| Author, date: |
Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com |
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| No author: |
Rugby World Cup 2011 pools announced. (2008). Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/mediazone/news/newsid=2027914.html |
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| Corporate author: |
Department of Internal Affairs. (n.d.). History of daylight saving. Retrieved October 29, 2012, from http://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History |
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| Blog post: |
MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/
the_unfortunate_prerequisites.phpy |
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| Conferences |
Top |
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| Fomat: |
Presenter, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Paper presented at the meeting of Organisation Name, Location. |
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| Unpublished paper: |
Brown, S., & Caste, V. (2004, May). Integrated obstacle detection framework. Paper presented at the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Detroit, MI. |
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| Online PDF: |
Porter, M., Omar, M., Campus, C., & Edinburgh, S. (2008, January). Marketing to the bottom of the pyramid: Opportunities in emerging markets. Paper presented at the 7th International Congress Marketing Trends, Venice, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.escp-eap.eu/conferences/marketing/2008_cp/Maktoba.pdf |
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| Corporate author: |
Markman, K. M. (2003, October). Taking the flesh with me: Embodied; interaction as a framework for studying Internet communication. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association of Internet Researchers, Toronto, Canada. Retrieved from https://umdrive.memphis.edu/kmmrkman/www/KMarkmanAOIR4Paper.pdf |
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| Proceedings: |
Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H. & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105 |
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Wilkinson, R. (1999). Sociology as a marketing feast. In M. Collis, L. Munro, & S. Russell (Eds.), Sociology for the New Millennium. Paper presented at The Australian Sociological Association, Monash University, Melbourne, 7-10 December (pp. 281-289). Churchill, VIC: Celts. |
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| Theses |
Top |
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| Fomat: |
Author, A. A. (date). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of Institution, Location. |
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| Unpublished: |
Knight, A. (2001). Exercise and osteoarthritis of the knee (Unpublished master's dissertation). Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. |
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| Published: |
May, B. (2007). A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. Bristol, England: Canopus Publishing. |
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| From a instit. repository: |
Thomas, R. (2009). The making of a journalist: The New Zealand way (Doctoral thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10292/466 |
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| From theses DB: |
Pflieger, J. C. (2009). Adolescents' parent and peer relations and romantic outcomes in young adulthood (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3371229) |
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| Reports |
Top |
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| Fomat: |
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher. |
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| Online annual report: |
Radio New Zealand. (2008). Annual report 2007-2008. Retrieved from http://static.radionz.net.nz/assets/pdf_file/0010 /1796761/Radio_NZ_Annual_Report_2008.pdf |
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| Online report: |
Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved from Research on Poverty Alleviation website:
http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf |
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